Depression Treatment
Female psychiatrist specializing in Depression offers immediate help, including depression medication and treatment.
Best Depression Psychiatrist - Weekend Psychiatrist Appointments Available
What is Depression?
The old definition of depression was ‘learned helplessness.’
You know you have depression when you don’t feel right even if nothing is wrong, and you can’t find a solution when something really is wrong.
Depression, also referred to as major depressive disorder or clinical depression is one of the most common conditions with over 80% of Americans reporting one or multiple symptoms of depression. Most people do not know that depression is treatable, and suffer in silence for years before seeking treatment.
Likewise many individuals are afraid to start treatment, because of fear of stigma, or because of failed treatments in the past, or because they have been prescribed the wrong medication.
Untreated depression, apart from making you feel miserable, can create problems at work, interfere with academic success, career progression, and can also cause health and relationship difficulties. It is important to get the right treatment to alleviate symptoms, and reduce suffering.
Effective management and treatment of depression is crucial for long term wellbeing. Here at Gaba Telepsychiatry, we offer a wide range of depression treatments including therapy, nutrition, hormone evaluation, and medication. Our depression psychiatrists are committed to helping you find the right treatment and supporting you through the recovery process.
Depression Psychiatrist
Board Certified Psychiatrist with Multiple State Licenses MBBS (MD)
Dr. Valeria Serban has twenty years of experience in evaluating and treating depression. She is a board-certified clinical neuropsychiatrist with licenses to practice in eighteen states.
Dr. Valeria Serban is an experienced and Board Certified neuropsychiatrist. She is compassionate and well-known for her warm personality and genuine commitment to patient care. She provides a warm and supportive environment for treatment and forms secure alliances with individuals and families to provide the maximum support for a complete recovery, or management of their symptoms.
Dr. Valeria Serban has a background in neuroscience and has completed her Ph.D. in Neuroscience. This background is a foundation for her interest in treating anxiety, postpartum depression, OCD, dementia, and a wide range of psychiatric illnesses.
She has a particular interest in the diagnosis and treatment of all mental health conditions related to depression. Treatment may involve cognitive behavioral therapy, among other modalities, to analyze the underlying thought processes that cause depression. This may involve prescribing medication, providing therapy, and using her general medical knowledge to rule out any physical causes of depression.
Dr. Serban has worked extensively with various neuropsychiatric conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, cerebral palsy, postpartum depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, migraine, epilepsy, concussion, stroke, and dementia to name a few.
She explores different treatment options and works collaboratively with her patients to find one that best suits them. With more than twenty years of experience, she is knowledgeable and confident, treating all patients with utmost urgency and care.
To elevate patients’ quality of life, she offers customized treatment plans based on hormonal, nutritional, and medical health evaluations. Dr. Serban believes proper support, good therapy, and medications can greatly improve many psychiatric symptoms.
Medical School
University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila” Bucharest, Romania
Neurology Residency Training
University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila” Bucharest, Romania
Master of Philosophy (M.Ph.) – Neuroscience
NYS Institute for Basic Research, New York
Internal Medicine Residency
Temple University Hospital, Pennsylvania
Neurology Residency
Temple University Hospital, Pennsylvania
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) – Neuroscience
NYS Institute for Basic Research, City University of New York – Graduate Center
Clinical Neurophysiology Fellowship
Massachusetts General Hospital – Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts
Board Certification
American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN)
Electromyography – American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine (AANEM)
Neuromuscular Medicine – American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN)
Recertification – American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN)
Board Certified Psychiatrist in New York & New Jersey (MD)
Dr Tony Isaac is a double Board-certified Psychiatrist with nine years of experience practicing psychiatry. He provides compassionate discreet psychiatric evaluations, and psychiatric care services including medication management, and psychotherapy. He specializes in addiction recovery treatments and medication management.
Dr Isaac treats a wide range of psychiatric conditions, such as depression, insomnia, panic attacks, anxiety, OCD, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. He conducts suicide assessments, and acute stabilization and will work with your family and employer to provide support.
Dr. Issac also provides follow-up appointments, and psychiatric services including psychotherapy and sensitive medication titration. Dr. Issac can work with you to achieve a collaborative treatment plan and work towards recovery and healing.
Dr Issac is available for same-day appointments during emergencies and is available for weekend appointments to ensure that you receive the care and support you deserve.
Medical School
St. George’s University: School of Medicine
Psychiatry Residency Training
Richmond University Medical Center: affiliate of Mount Sinai Health Network
Bachelors of Science (B.S.) in Psychobiology
Binghamton University – State University of New York
Board Certification
American Board of Preventative Medicine – Addiction Medicine, Board Certification
American Board of Psychiatry & Neurology – Psychiatry, Board Certification
Board Certified Psychiatrist with Multiple State Licenses MBBS (MD)
Dr. Gundu Reddy is a board-certified psychiatrist with fifteen years of experience practicing clinical psychiatry.
Dr Reddy has a special interest in treating depression, including postpartum depression and treatment resistant depression. Dr Reddy has worked at Manhattan psychiatric Center where she spent three years treating patients with treatment resistant depression.
She has trained in Medication Management, psychodynamic psychotherapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy, and integrative psychiatry. When treating depression, she states it is important to evaluate why treatment has failed in the past, and what needs to be done differently.
Dr. Reddy believes that multiple factors should be considered when providing depression treatment, including genetic factors, developmental factors, medical illness, nutrition, and hormones, as well as environmental and dynamic factors.
Dr. Reddy emphasizes that the decision to take psychiatric medication, should not be taken lightly and depression medication should be prescribed with the utmost care. The goal of medication management is to achieve maximum efficacy with minimum side effects, and gentle titration is required.
Dr. Reddy believes that in most cases depression is treatable, and most people can achieve significant improvement in symptoms, as well as social and occupational functioning, with high-quality and consistent care, including the expertise of a postpartum depression psychiatrist. Her goal is to provide the best possible treatment to patients in a telepsychiatry or online psychiatry setting, utilizing her expertise as a postpartum depression psychiatrist, and achieve the same standards of care as if seeing the patient in person.
Medical School
The United Medical Dental Schools of Guys Kings and St Thomas’ at King’s College London
Psychiatry Residency Training
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Training
NYU Psychoanalytic Institute
Board Certification
American Board of Psychiatry Neurology
Schedule an Appointment for Depression Treatment with one of our Online Psychiatrists
Clinical Services: California, Florida, Illinois, New Jersey, New York, South Carolina, Tennessee
Forensic Psychiatry Services: All of the US and Canada
If you reside outside the mentioned states, one of our psychiatrists can collaborate with your primary care doctor and send a consultation with treatment recommendations. In our experience, most primary care doctors, neurologists and internists have been happy to collaborate with us to provide expert psychiatric care for our patients.
Online Treatment for Depression
It is usually a personal preference whether to see a psychiatrist online or a psychiatrist in their physical office. The American Psychiatric Association now recognizes telepsychiatry to be as effective as seeing a patient in person. When seeing a patient online, the psychiatrist must follow APA guidelines, and apply the same standards of care as if seeing a patient in the office.
Online treatment for depression provides convenience and accessibility, which makes it an excellent option for many individuals. It offers professional help at a time that fits your schedule, eliminating the need to wait your turn in the waiting room or navigate complex appointment processes.
The booking procedure is straightforward and efficient, allowing you to quickly connect with an online psychiatrist without the added stress of traditional in-person appointments. This flexibility and ease make online therapy a practical choice for managing depression and maintaining consistent, effective treatment.
Symptoms of Depression
Symptoms of depression can present in many different ways. Apart from mood, depression can affect cognition, thoughts, and body sensations. In severe cases, depression can cause paranoia, delusions, and hallucinations. Symptoms of Depression can usually be categorized as follows:
Physical Symptoms of Depression
Physical symptoms of depression manifest as bodily discomforts that can disrupt daily functioning and often go unnoticed as related to the mental health condition. These include:
- Headache
- Fatigue
- Muscle ache
- Back pain
- GI upset
- Joint pain
- Abdominal pain
- Low sex drive
Cognitive Symptoms of Depression
Cognitive symptoms of depression involve disruptions in thinking processes, leading to difficulties with concentration, decision-making, and memory. These include:
- Inattention
- Memory loss
- Impaired executive functioning
- Impaired neuroplasticity
- Impaired problem solving
- Slow reaction time
Thought Distortions with Depression
Thought distortions in depression involve persistent, inaccurate patterns of thinking that skew perceptions and reinforce negative beliefs. These include:
- Negative thoughts about self
- Negative thoughts about others
- Excessive guilt about the past
- Pessimistic thoughts about the future
- Low confidence in abilities
- Low self worth
- Suicidal thoughts
- Angry thoughts
- Nihilistic thoughts
- Existential angst
Mood Symptoms of Depression
Mood symptoms of depression refer to the emotional changes that are central to the condition, which include:
- Bad mood
- Loss of enjoyment in activities
- Low motivation
- Loss of ambition
- Loss of will to live
- Loss of appetite
- Sleep disturbance
Psychotic Symptoms of Depression
Psychotic symptoms of depression can complicate the depressive state and can lead to a more challenging and distressing experience of the illness. These include:
- Hallucinations
- Delusions
- Paranoia
- Loss of touch with reality
Treatment Plan for Depression
Depression is almost always treatable, and symptoms almost always improve with effective treatment. A holistic approach to depression treatment simply means considering, screening, and addressing all the different factors that can cause depression.
A depression psychiatrist tackles:
Treating Underlying Medical Illness
Depression can often be a symptom of or exacerbated by underlying medical conditions. A thorough evaluation to identify and treat any such conditions is essential. For example, hypothyroidism, a common but often overlooked condition, can cause depressive symptoms due to its impact on energy levels and mood.
Chronic pain conditions, such as fibromyalgia or arthritis, can also lead to or worsen depression due to the constant discomfort and limitations in daily activities. By treating these underlying illnesses, depressive symptoms may significantly improve or even resolve.
Addressing Nutrition Deficiencies
Nutritional deficiencies can have a profound impact on mental health. Ensuring that patients have adequate levels of essential nutrients like vitamin D, B vitamins (especially B12 and folate), and omega-3 fatty acids is an important part of depression treatment.
Vitamin D deficiency, often linked to depression, can be addressed with supplementation or increased sun exposure. B vitamins play a critical role in brain function and neurotransmitter production, and their deficiency can manifest as depressive symptoms.
Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil, are known for their anti-inflammatory properties and have been shown to improve mood. A psychiatrist might recommend dietary changes, supplements, or both to correct these deficiencies, thereby supporting overall mental health.
Evaluating the Need for Psychotherapy
A psychiatrist evaluates the need for psychotherapy in a depression treatment plan by conducting a comprehensive assessment of the patient’s mental health, considering various factors that influence the severity and nature of their depression. This evaluation typically involves several considerations:
- Mental Health History: The psychiatrist gathers detailed information about the patient’s mental health history, including past episodes of depression, previous treatments, and any history of other mental health conditions.
- Current Symptoms: The psychiatrist assesses the patient’s current symptoms of depression, such as mood, sleep patterns, appetite changes, energy levels, and thoughts of self-harm or suicide.
- Personal and Social History: Understanding the patient’s personal life, including relationships, work or school environment, and social support, helps determine the impact of depression on daily functioning.
Treating Hormone Imbalances
Hormonal imbalances, particularly involving thyroid hormones and sex hormones (such as estrogen and testosterone), can significantly affect mood and contribute to depressive symptoms.
Addressing these imbalances, through hormone replacement therapy or other interventions, can be a critical component of treatment. Thyroid function tests should be conducted to rule out hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, and sex hormone levels may be evaluated in cases where hormonal imbalances are suspected.
Balancing these hormones can help stabilize mood and reduce symptoms of depression.
Addressing External Stressors
External stressors, such as housing instability, job-related stress, or financial difficulties, can significantly contribute to or worsen depression. Addressing these issues may involve social services, career counseling, or financial planning assistance.
Reducing these stressors can help alleviate depressive symptoms by providing a more stable and supportive environment. A psychiatrist should work with the patient to identify and mitigate these stressors.
Addressing Relationships and Interpersonal Stressors
Interpersonal stressors, such as conflicts with family members, friends, or partners, can contribute to feelings of isolation and exacerbate depression. Strengthening relationships and improving communication skills can provide emotional support that is vital for recovery.
Therapy, whether individual or family-focused, can help patients navigate these challenges, reduce interpersonal conflicts, and foster healthier, more supportive relationships.
Treating Insomnia
Insomnia and other sleep disturbances are common in individuals with depression and can worsen mood and overall mental health. Addressing sleep issues through behavioral interventions, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I), or through medications like sedative-hypnotics, can significantly improve depressive symptoms.
Ensuring that patients have good sleep hygiene and are receiving adequate, restorative sleep is a key component of any depression treatment plan.
Prescribing Medication
Prescribing medication is one of the most important steps in the treatment of depression. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are often first-line treatments due to their efficacy and relatively favorable side-effect profile. Other options include tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs), serotonin modulators, and mood stabilizers.
In treatment-resistant cases, atypical antipsychotics may be considered. The choice of medication should be tailored to the patient’s specific symptoms, medical history, and response to previous treatments.
Considering Alternative Treatments
Complementary therapies such as acupuncture, yoga, and meditation can be valuable additions to conventional treatments. These practices can help reduce stress, promote relaxation, and improve overall mental well-being.
Therapy Treatment for Depression
Therapy for depression involves psychological treatments aimed at helping individuals manage and overcome the symptoms of depression. Therapy provides a structured environment where individuals can explore their feelings, identify negative thought patterns, and develop healthier coping mechanisms.
Depending on individual needs, therapy can be used alone or alongside medication to effectively treat depression.
Benefits of Therapy
- Symptom Relief: Therapy helps in alleviating the persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and anxiety which makes it easy to manage daily tasks.
- Improved Coping Mechanisms: Therapy helps individuals learn healthy ways to manage stress, process emotions, and confront negative thought patterns.
- Enhanced Self-Awareness: Therapy encourages self-reflection which helps individuals understand the underlying factors contributing to their depression.
- Better Relationships: Therapy helps individuals get more comfortable, leading to improved communication and stronger connections with loved ones.
- Reduction in Recurrence: There are certain evidence-based therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) which can reduce the likelihood of future depressive episodes.
- Increased Emotional Resilience: Therapy boosts emotional strength enabling individuals to navigate life’s challenges with greater confidence and strength.
- Personalized Treatment: Therapy can be tailored depending on the severity of the condition, ensuring that the approach is specific and effective.
- Support in Medication Management: Some individuals require medication where therapy can complement pharmacological treatment and help in progress analysis.
Types of Therapy for Depression Treatment
Different types of therapy are used to treat depression. Each of these therapies provides unique benefits, addressing various aspects of depression and helping individuals build a foundation for recovery and well-being.
Some of the most widely recognized therapies are:
Individual Psychotherapy
Individual Psychotherapy is one-on-one therapy known as “talk therapy.” It involves sessions between the patient and a mental health professional. It focuses on helping individuals manage negative thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, which can boost individual confidence and provide a personalized approach to depression treatment.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
CBT is a structured, goal-oriented type of psychotherapy that focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to depression. It is based on the idea that our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are interconnected and that changing negative thoughts and behaviors can lead to improvements in mood and overall well-being.
Psychodynamic Therapy
Psychodynamic Therapy is a foundational approach in the field of psychology. This therapy focuses on unconscious processes and unresolved conflicts underlying depression. By understanding these underlying factors, individuals can address issues that increase self-awareness and gain insights into their emotions and behaviors.
Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
Interpersonal Therapy focuses on improving interpersonal relationships and communication skills. It can be effective for those individuals having issues in their relationships, which can be particularly beneficial in managing depression and enhancing social support.
Relationship Therapy
Relationship Therapy is also known as couples therapy or family therapy because it involves working with couples or families to resolve conflicts and improve communication. It is important to address relationship dynamics that may contribute to or be affected by depression, encouraging a supportive and communicative environment.
Group Psychotherapy
Group psychotherapy is conducted among a group of individuals who share similar experiences or thoughts. It provides a sense of solidarity and mutual support. A certified therapist is assigned to take care of all the individuals. This therapy helps the participants to learn from each other’s experiences and gain encouragement in a collective setting.
Depression Treatment Medication
Your depression psychiatrist will assess your mental condition, and accordingly prescribe you depression medications which include:
- SSRIs
- Tricyclic
- Antidepressants
- Monoamine oxidase
- Inhibitors (MAOIs)
- Serotonin modulators
- Mood stabilizers
- Neuroleptics
- Anxiolytics and Atypicals
Alternative Depression Treatment
In conventional medicine, psychotherapy, and medication were used mostly to treat depression. However, alternative treatments were observed to offer potential paths to recovery that may align more closely with the preferences and needs of individuals seeking relief from depression.
Herbal supplements, yoga, aromatherapy, acupuncture, and meditation are some evidence-based alternative treatments for depression.
Herbal Supplements
Some herbal remedies are believed to have mood-boosting properties. St. John’s wort and ginkgo biloba are among the most commonly used herbal supplements for depression. However, it is important to consult your healthcare provider before taking any herbal supplements, as they may interact with medications or have potential side effects.
Mind-Body Techniques
Some mind-body practices like yoga, meditation, deep breathing exercises, and guided imagery can help reduce stress and promote relaxation, which can be beneficial for managing depression. These techniques focus on the connection between the mind and body, aiming to cultivate a sense of calm and mindfulness.
Physical Activities
Regular exercise can boost the happy hormones and have a positive impact on mental health. Activities like walking, swimming, or engaging in sports can release endorphins, which are natural mood boosters. Additionally, exercise can improve sleep quality, increase energy levels, and boost self-esteem, all of which can aid in managing depression.
Expressive Therapies
Expressive therapies such as art therapy, music therapy, or writing therapy provide an outlet for emotional expression and can be therapeutic for individuals with depression. These therapies allow you to explore and process your emotions in a creative and non-verbal manner, which can be particularly helpful for those who find it challenging to express themselves verbally.
Acupuncture
Acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body. While the scientific evidence is still limited, some studies suggest that acupuncture may help improve symptoms of depression by regulating neurotransmitters and reducing inflammation.
Alternative treatments can be beneficial as complementary approaches, but they should not replace conventional treatments prescribed by mental health professionals. One should always consult with a healthcare provider before trying any alternative therapy.
Supplements for Depression Treatment
It is well known that common nutritional deficiencies can cause depression. For example, iron deficiency, B12 deficiency, and vitamin D deficiency are associated with an increased risk of depression. Dietary changes and supplement regimens are known to help in the treatment of depression.
Supplements for depression treatment include:
- Rhodiola
- Magnesium
- Saffron
- Zinc
- Vitamin D
- SAM-e
- B vitamins
- N-acetyl-L-cysteine
- Creatinine
- Omega-3
Rhodiola: Rhodiola is an adaptogen that helps combat stress and fatigue, which can alleviate symptoms of depression by enhancing mood and energy levels.
Magnesium: Magnesium plays a crucial role in brain function and mood regulation, potentially reducing symptoms of depression, especially in those with a deficiency.
Saffron: Saffron has been shown to boost serotonin levels in the brain, acting as a natural antidepressant with effects comparable to some conventional medications.
Zinc: Zinc deficiency has been linked to depression, and supplementing with zinc can help improve mood and cognitive function, especially in those with low levels.
Vitamin D: Vitamin D supports overall brain health, and low levels are often associated with depression; supplementation can improve mood, particularly in those with seasonal affective disorder.
SAM-e: SAM-e (S-adenosylmethionine) is involved in the production of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, making it a powerful natural treatment for depression.
B vitamins: B vitamins, particularly B12 and folate, are essential for neurotransmitter production and energy metabolism, helping to reduce symptoms of depression.
N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC): NAC boosts levels of glutathione, an antioxidant that reduces oxidative stress, potentially improving mood and reducing depressive symptoms.
Creatinine: Creatinine supports energy production in brain cells and may help alleviate mental fatigue and depression, though more research is needed.
Omega-3: Omega-3 fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA, are crucial for brain health and have been shown to reduce inflammation and improve mood in people with depression.
Why is it important to get treatment for depression?
Leaving depression untreated can have severe consequences on your quality of life and overall well-being. It is important to seek treatment for several reasons:
- Improved Quality of Life: Untreated depression can diminish your quality of life. It can interfere with your ability to perform routine tasks, maintain relationships, and find enjoyment in activities you once loved.
- Reduced Risk of Suicide: Depression is a major risk factor for suicide. People with untreated depression are at a higher risk of experiencing suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
- Better Physical Health: Depression can worsen or contribute to other physical health problems, such as heart disease, obesity, diabetes, and chronic pain.
- Prevention of Worsening Symptoms: If left untreated, depression can become more severe and difficult to manage. Early intervention and treatment can prevent the condition from escalating and potentially becoming harder to treat in the future.
- Improved Relationships: Depression can strain relationships with family, friends, and colleagues.
- Increased Productivity: Depression can significantly impact your ability to concentrate, make decisions, and be productive at work or school. Treatment can help improve your focus, motivation, and overall productivity.
How much does it cost to see an Online Psychiatrist for Depression Treatment at Gaba Telepsychiatry?
At Gaba Telepsychiatry, we provide high-quality psychiatric care at a price that is accessible to most patients. The cost of our services is structured to ensure that you receive the support you need, whether it’s through medication management, therapy, or a combination of both.
Initial Consultation Fee
Your first online appointment with one of our psychiatrists is priced at $400 for a one hour session. This initial consultation is comprehensive, allowing the psychiatrist to thoroughly assess your mental health needs, discuss treatment options and begin to develop a personalized care plan.
Follow-Up Appointments
After your initial consultation, follow-up appointments are $250 each. These 30 minute appointments are crucial for monitoring your progress, adjusting medications if necessary and ensuring that your treatment plan is effective. The frequency of follow-up visits will vary based on your specific needs, but as your symptoms stabilize, these visits often become less frequent.
Out-of-Network Benefits
Many of our patients have out-of-network insurance benefits, which means they can receive significant reimbursement for their visits. Gaba Telepsychiatry is committed to making this process as smooth as possible.
We can submit claims on your behalf, and depending on your insurance plan, you may be reimbursed for 50-100% of your visit costs. This can greatly reduce the out-of-pocket cost of your care.
For Patients Without Out-of-Network Benefits
If you do not have out-of-network benefits, we understand that the cost of care can be a concern. Our team is dedicated to finding a solution that works for you. We can help match you with a therapist who is within your insurance network or collaborate with your existing in-network therapist to provide a comprehensive care plan.
By focusing on medication management through Gaba Telepsychiatry and coordinating with your in-network therapist, we aim to offer high-quality care at a more affordable rate.
Long-Term Cost Considerations
While medication management visits might seem more expensive initially, they typically become less frequent once you are on the right medication and your symptoms are well-controlled. Some patients, especially those who are stable, may only need to see their psychiatrist every four months for a medication refill. This approach helps to keep the cost of psychiatric care manageable over the long term.
Therapy Costs
Therapy, on the other hand, often requires weekly sessions, which can represent a larger financial commitment. For some patients, seeing an out-of-network therapist might be prohibitive. By collaborating with your in-network therapist, Gaba Telepsychiatry ensures that you receive the necessary psychiatric care while keeping overall costs as low as possible.
Transparent Pricing and Patient Support
At Gaba Telepsychiatry, we believe in transparent pricing and are committed to helping you understand the costs associated with your care. Our patient advocates are available to work with you to find the best possible options for your treatment, ensuring that you receive the care you need at a price you can afford.
While the cost of seeing an online psychiatrist at Gaba Telepsychiatry varies depending on your insurance coverage and the specific services you require, we are dedicated to providing flexible, affordable options that fit your needs.
Depression Screening Test
A depression screening is a standard set of questions asked by the healthcare provider to determine whether the patient has depression.
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D or HDRS) are most commonly used to assess symptoms of depression and also to accurately measure its severity. These two methods have been used successfully in several studies of depression and for its treatment.
What are the Causes of Depression?
Individuals suffering from depression often wonder, ‘Why me, or why is this happening to me, or why am I feeling like this?’
While the exact cause of depression is still not fully understood, researchers believe that a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors plays a role in its development.
It is important to understand the different causes of depression because, to treat depression effectively, we first need to understand the underlying cause. The most common causes of depression include:
Congenital or Idiopathic Causes of Depression
Congenital causes are genetic differences that may affect the function of neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters are considered as the brain’s chemical messengers that control emotions and mood. It has been observed that these variations are present from birth.
Genetic Causes of Depression
Studies show that genetics may play a significant role in the development of depression. The World Health Organization estimates that 350 million individuals worldwide suffer from this illness. For example, evidence from family studies indicates a two- to three-fold increase in the risk of depression in first-degree children of patients with depression, and a meta-analysis of twin research data suggests that the heritability rate for depression is 40-50%.
Developmental Causes of Depression
A person’s response systems and brain development might get affected by early life traumas such as abuse, neglect, or catastrophic bereavement. Some events may have a big influence on how vulnerable a person is as they grow. Early relationship formation can produce insecure attachment patterns, which are connected to depression by causing negative self-perception and trouble controlling emotions.
Chronic/Acute Illness as a Cause of Depression
Feeling depressed or hopeless is a common experience in heart attacks, cancer diagnoses, and managing chronic conditions. It is observed that the risk of developing a mental health disorder may increase with chronic illness.
Studies indicate that individuals, compared to those who do not have both depression and a medical condition, can find it more difficult to adjust to their condition and incur greater medical expenses.
Heavy Metal Poisoning as a Cause of Depression
Heavy metals like lead, cadmium, and mercury can worsen depression. However, the fact is that these substances can be found in our surroundings through certain foods, polluted water, and pollution. High concentrations of heavy metals in our bodies can disrupt the critical functioning of the brain.
Prolonged Poverty as a Cause of Depression
Extended periods of poverty can contribute to raising the risk of depression. This is because people who are having financial difficulties frequently deal with a never-ending stream of pressure. The constant worry related to putting food on the table, finding secure housing, and getting access to quality healthcare is known to increase the risk of anxiety and depression.
Psychodynamic Conflict as a Cause of Depression
Psychodynamically speaking, critical thinking in our brains might play a major role in the onset of depression. Conflicting self-perceptions, unresolved emotional experiences, and unfavorable ideas about the world and ourselves are frequently the root causes of these problems.
Academic Stress as a Cause of Depression
Academic pressure can increase the risk of depression, particularly among students. The persistent stress of having to meet deadlines, perform well, and get high marks can result in a chronic condition of overload and anxiety.
Hormone Imbalance as a Cause of Depression
Certain hormones like thyroxine, estrogen, progesterone, growth hormone, and testosterone can affect mood and overall health include. Low thyroxine levels can cause weariness, which may worsen depressive and gloomy sentiments in people.
Fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause can affect neurotransmitter activity in the brain, leading to changes in mood and emotional well-being. Low testosterone levels in males can result in weariness, anger, and trouble sleeping.
Sleep Disturbance as a Cause of Depression
Sleep disturbances like sleep apnea, insomnia, and narcolepsy can significantly affect brain activity and cause depression.
Sleep apnea disrupts the natural sleep cycle and reduces the amount of restorative sleep. Chronic sleep deprivation associated with insomnia can negatively impact mood regulation, leading to increased irritability, anxiety, and feelings of hopelessness, ultimately increasing the risk of depression.
Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder that causes excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks, contributing to depression.
Situational Anxiety as a Cause of Depression
Upsetting life events can cause situational anxiety, triggering depression. Major life events like losing one’s job, experiencing a loved one’s death, facing financial challenges, or experiencing issues in relationships can cause severe anxiety and concern. This ongoing discomfort can seriously disturb daily life activities, affecting sleep, food, and the ability to find pleasure in previously liked activities.
Nutritional Deficiencies as a Cause of Depression
Nutrition is important for maintaining good mental health. Studies have shown that certain nutritional deficiencies, such as low levels of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, B vitamins, and magnesium, can contribute to the development of depression.
Workplace Stress as a Cause of Depression
An ongoing sense of worry and overload can be brought on by demanding workloads, close deadlines, and a lack of control over everyday responsibilities, which can significantly contribute to depression among employees. An individual can feel overwhelmed and find it difficult to unplug from work after hours are all common outcomes of this strain.
Trauma as a Cause of Depression
Trauma can be a significant trigger for depression, and prolonged trauma is recognized as a cause of depression. Traumatic events such as accidents, the loss of a loved one, physical or emotional abuse, or a major life change can trigger emotions and cause depressive episodes.
What are the types of Depression?
Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is usually referred to as clinical depression, and is often characterized by:
- Extremely depressed mood
- Loss of interest in routine activities
- Significant weight loss or weight gain
- Insomnia or hypersomnia
- Psychomotor retardation
- Fatigue or loss of energy
- Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
- Cognitive difficulty, impaired attention or indecisiveness
- Suicidal ideation
As per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), for a person to be diagnosed with MDD by a depression psychiatrist, he/she must exhibit at least five or more of the mentioned symptoms, of which one must be in a depressed mood or anhedonia that causes moderate to severe social or occupational impairment.
Persistent Depressive Disorder or Chronic Major Depressive Disorder, and Dysthymic Disorder
Persistent depressive disorder, also known as dysthymia or chronic major depressive disorder, is a long-lasting form of depression. The symptoms of dysthymia include:
- Significant weight loss or weight gain
- Insomnia or hypersomnia
- Fatigue or loss of energy
- Low self-esteem
- Diminished ability to think or focus
- Feeling of hopelessness.
As per the DSM-5, for a person to be diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder or dysthymia, during the 2 year period of the disturbance, the person should not be without symptoms from the above two criteria for more than 2 months at a time. The symptoms can cause clinically significant distress or impairment in critical areas of functioning.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is characterized by:
- Severe temper outbursts – three or more times per week, on an average
- Outbursts – ongoing for at least 12 months
- Chronically irritable or angry mood for most part of the day every day
- Trouble functioning due to irritability in more than one setting
As per the DSM-5, for a depression psychiatrist to diagnose a person with DMDD, the individual must exhibit two or more of the depressive symptoms mentioned above. Furthermore, the symptoms must exist for 12 or more months, with no more than 3 consecutive months of symptom-free period. The symptoms can cause severe impairment in functioning.
Substance and Medication Induced Depressive Disorder
An individual may experience substance and medication induced depressive disorder in response to the physiological use and abuse of substances and medications. The symptoms of substance and medication induced depressive disorder include:
- Sad mood
- Insomnia
- Feelings of guilt
- Suicidal ideation
- Psychomotor retardation
- Distractibility
- Hopelessness
- Irritability
- Decreased libido
- Anergy
- Anorexia
As per the DSM-5, in order for a person to be diagnosed with substance and medication induced depressive disorder, the individual must show at least 5 or more depressive symptoms for a 2 weeks period with moderate to severe impairment in functioning.
Seasonal Affective Disorder
According to DSM-5, seasonal affective disorder or SAD is a recurrent major depressive disorder with a seasonal pattern usually beginning in the fall and continuing into winter months. The symptoms of SAD a depression psychiatrist looks for include
- Sad mood
- Low energy
- Irritability
- Crying frequently
- Lethargy
- Lack of focus
- Hypersomnia
- Withdrawal from social situations
- Craving carbohydrates and sugars
- Weight gain due to overeating
As per the DSM-5, for a person to be diagnosed with seasonal affective disorder, the symptoms will begin and end during a specific season every year (with full remittance during other seasons) for at least two years. The individual will exhibit mild to moderate impairment in functioning and severity.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is an abnormal reaction to hormone changes that take place at all menstrual cycles. Individuals suffering from PMDD exhibit the following symptoms:
- Depressive mood
- Anxiety
- Feelings of hopelessness
- Self-deprecating thoughts
- Affective lability (e.g. mood swings)
- Increased interpersonal conflicts
- Loss of interest in activity
- Lack of focus
- Lethargy
- Change in appetite (e.g. overeating)
- Hypersomnia or insomnia
- Physical symptoms (e.g. breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain, the sensation of ‘bloating’)
As per the DSM-5, for a depression psychiatrist to diagnose a person to be PMDD, at least 5 symptoms must be present in the final week before the onset of menses, which start to improve within a few days after the onset of menses, and become minimal or absent in the week post menses. Further, 5 or more depressive symptoms must show for a duration of two consecutive menstrual cycles with these symptoms causing severe impairment in functioning.
Depressive Disorder due to another Medical Condition
A variety of medical and neurological conditions can produce depressive symptoms such as:
- Constant depressed mood
- Loss of appetite and sleep
- Suicidal thoughts
- Feeling of being a burden
However, these symptoms are not due to any mental disorder. Instead, it is because of medical conditions not necessarily connected to depression.
Other specified Depressive Disorders
Recurrent
Brief Depression
Concurrent presence of depressed mood and at least 4 other symptoms of depression for 2 to 13 days at least once per month (not associated with the menstrual cycle) for at least 12 consecutive months in an individual whose presentation has never met criteria for any other depressive or bipolar disorder and does not currently meet active or residual criteria for any psychotic disorder.
Depressive Episode with
Insufficient Symptoms
Depressed affect and at least 1 of the other eight symptoms of a major depressive episode associated with clinically significant distress or impairment that persist for at least 2 weeks in an individual whose presentation has never met criteria for any other depressive or bipolar disorder, does not currently meet active or residual criteria for any psychotic disorder and does not meet criteria for mixed anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms.
Short-Duration Depressive Episode (4-13 days)
Depressed affect and at least 4 of the other eight symptoms of a major depressive episode associated with clinically significant distress or impairment that persists for more than 4 days, but less than 14 days, in an individual whose presentation has never met criteria for any other depressive or bipolar disorder, does not currently meet active or residual criteria for any psychotic disorder and does not meet criteria for recurrent brief depression.
FAQs
What are Antidepressants?
Antidepressants are a type of medication used for depression treatment. Antidepressants help in the treatment of major depressive disorder, chronic pain, anxiety disorders, and addiction.
Antidepressants, especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are usually used to treat several depressive and anxiety disorders. Other types of antidepressants include SNRI.
Does Exercise Help as a Treatment for Depression?
Regular exercise relieves stress and helps reduce depression. It releases feel-good endorphins and natural brain chemicals that aids in improving your sense of well-being. Further, it helps in removing negative thoughts that lead to depression and also improves self-esteem.
How can Depression affect your Relationship?
Depression can significantly impact relationships, often creating challenges for both the person experiencing depression and their partner. The symptoms of depression, such as persistent sadness, irritability, fatigue, and a loss of interest in activities, can lead to emotional distance in a relationship. The individual with depression may struggle to express affection, engage in social activities, or communicate effectively, leading their partner to feel neglected, confused, or even rejected.
Depression can also lead to misunderstandings and conflicts. The person experiencing depression might withdraw from their partner, avoid social interactions, or become more irritable, which can be misinterpreted as a lack of interest or commitment. This withdrawal can create a cycle of loneliness and frustration for both partners, further straining the relationship.
In some cases, depression may cause a person to become overly dependent on their partner for emotional support, placing an immense burden on the relationship. The partner may feel overwhelmed or helpless, unsure of how to help or support their loved one. Over time, this can lead to resentment or burnout.
Without proper communication and support, depression can erode the foundation of a relationship. Seeking professional help, such as therapy, can be crucial in managing depression and maintaining a healthy, supportive relationship.
When to Seek Treatment for Depression?
If you are experiencing feelings of persistent sadness, anxiety, irritability, frustration, restlessness, and hopelessness continuously for at least 2 weeks, you could be suffering from depression.
Reach out to a depression psychiatrist for support.